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paternal age effect
The paternal age effect is the statistical relationship between paternal age at conception and biological effects on the child. Such effects can relate to birthweight, congenital disorders, life expectancy, and psychological outcomes. A 2009 review concludes that the absolute risk for genetic anomalies in offspring is low, and states that "there is no clear association between adverse health outcome and paternal age but longitudinal studies are needed."〔
Some researchers even propose a longevity advantage for offspring of older fathers. On the other hand, the genetic quality of sperm, as well as its volume and motility, all typically decrease with age, leading the population geneticist James F. Crow to claim that the "greatest mutational health hazard to the human genome is fertile older males".
The paternal age effect was first proposed implicitly by Weinberg in 1912, and explicitly by Penrose in 1955. Extensive research started more recently, once paternity testing became technically and economically viable on a widespread basis. Harry Fisch, a physician who has done research in this area, says that research into paternal age effect degradation of DNA is "in its infancy".
==Health effects==
Evidence for a paternal age effect has been proposed for a number of conditions, diseases and other effects. In many of these, the statistical evidence of association is weak, and the association may be related by confounding factors, or behavioral differences. Conditions proposed to show correlation with paternal age include the following:〔H. Tournaye, "(Male Reproductive Ageing )," in Bewley, Ledger, and Nikolaou, eds., ''Reproductive Ageing'', Cambridge University Press (2009), ISBN 9781906985134 (accessed 15 November 2013)〕
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